India has emerged as one of the world’s largest suppliers of international students, yet it remains a minor destination for global learners. A recent NITI Aayog report on the internationalisation of higher education highlights this imbalance, revealing a sharp contrast between the number of Indian students studying abroad and the relatively small pool of international students choosing India.
While studying overseas is often seen as a pathway to better exposure, employment prospects and migration opportunities, the data shows that India’s higher education system has not achieved similar global pull.
India’s Outbound vs Inbound Student Mobility
The gap between students leaving India and those arriving to study has persisted for years and widened significantly after the pandemic.
India’s Student Mobility Trends (2016–2022)
| Year | Inbound Students to India | Outbound Indian Students | Inbound-to-Outbound Ratio |
| 2016 | 45,424 | 6,84,823 | 1:15 |
| 2017 | 47,575 | 8,06,326 | 1:17 |
| 2018 | 46,144 | 6,20,156 | 1:13 |
| 2019 | 47,427 | 6,75,541 | 1:14 |
| 2020 | 49,348 | 6,85,097 | 1:14 |
| 2021 | 48,035 | 11,58,702 | 1:24 |
| 2022 | 46,878 | 9,07,404 | 1:19 |
Source: NITI Aayog (based on AISHE data and Ministry of External Affairs records)
The data shows that even when outbound numbers fluctuated, inbound enrolment remained largely flat. By 2021, for every international student studying in India, nearly 24 Indian students were enrolled overseas.
Why Did Outbound Numbers Spike in 2021?
The sharp rise in 2021 does not indicate a sudden surge in physical travel. According to NITI Aayog, outbound figures represent students enrolled abroad, not just those who travelled that year.
Many students admitted in 2020 deferred travel due to COVID-19 restrictions
Several began courses online from India
These deferred enrolments were consolidated into 2021 data
As a result, 2021 acted as a normalisation year rather than a one-time migration wave.
India’s Position Among Global Study Destinations
Despite its population size and English-language advantage, India attracts less than 1% of the world’s international students.
Share of Global International Students by Country
| Country | Share of Global International Students |
| United States | ~15–16% |
| United Kingdom | ~8–9% |
| Australia | ~7–8% |
| China | ~6–7% |
| India | <1% |
Source: NITI Aayog global mobility comparisons
This places India well behind both Western education hubs and several Asian countries that actively market themselves as international study destinations.
Where Indian Students Prefer to Study
The report also maps Indian students’ preferred destinations, highlighting the importance of post-study work options and migration pathways.
Top Destinations for Indian Students (2024)
| Rank | Country | Estimated Indian Students |
| 1 | Canada | ~4.27 lakh |
| 2 | United States | ~3.37 lakh |
| 3 | United Kingdom | ~1.85 lakh |
| 4 | Australia | ~1.22 lakh |
| 5 | Germany | ~43,000 |
Source: NITI Aayog, Ministry of External Affairs
These destinations integrate education with employment visas and long-term settlement opportunities—an approach India has not yet mirrored for inbound students.
Economic and Academic Impact of the Imbalance
International students contribute significantly to host countries through:
Tuition fees
Local living expenses
Research output and workforce participation
India’s limited inbound enrolment results in:
Missed foreign exchange inflows
Reduced campus diversity
Lower global academic visibility
Weaker positioning in international rankings
At the same time, the steady outflow of Indian students represents a substantial transfer of financial resources abroad.
Structural Barriers Identified by NITI Aayog
The report outlines multiple challenges limiting India’s appeal:
Limited number of globally ranked universities
Curriculum misalignment with international credit systems
Regulatory complexity and visa hurdles
Weak global branding of Indian institutions
Inadequate student housing, career services and integration support
Internationalisation, the report notes, has not yet been treated as a system-wide priority.
Opportunity for Course Correction
NITI Aayog frames the imbalance as a strategic opportunity rather than a permanent setback. Reforms under the National Education Policy (NEP), the entry of foreign university campuses, and coordinated global outreach could help India improve inbound student numbers.
However, the report cautions that incremental changes will not suffice. Without sustained policy alignment and institutional reform, India risks remaining primarily a global exporter of students, rather than a competitive international education destination.
